Family of Admiral Sir John HAWKINS and Margaret VAUGHN
| Husband: | Admiral Sir John HAWKINS (1532-1595) | |
| Wife: | Margaret VAUGHN (1540-1619) | |
| Marriage | 1591 | Eardisley Castle, Herford Co., England |
Husband: Admiral Sir John HAWKINS
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| Admiral Sir John HAWKINS, 1576, age 44 | ||
| Name: | Admiral Sir John HAWKINS | |
| Sex: | Male | |
| Father: | Captain William Amados HAWKINS (1485-1554) | |
| Mother: | Joan Towne TRELAWNEY (1500?-1589) | |
| Birth | 1532 | Plymouth, Devonshire,England |
| Occupation | Treasurer of the Royal Navy, Sea Captain, Elizabethan Sea Dog, Shipbuilder, Merchant, Navigator, Privateer, and Slave Trader | |
| Death | 12 Nov 1595 (age 62-63) | At Sea, off Puerto Rico |
| Burial | At Sea, off Puerto Rico | |
Wife: Margaret VAUGHN
| Name: | Margaret VAUGHN | |
| Sex: | Female | |
| Father: | - | |
| Mother: | - | |
| Birth | 1540 | Plymouth, Devon, England |
| Occupation | Bedchamber Maid to Queen Elizabeth | |
| Death | 23 Apr 1619 (age 78-79) | Plymouth, Devon, England |
| Burial | St Dunstan-in-the-East, London, England | |
Note on Husband: Admiral Sir John HAWKINS
Admiral Sir John Hawkins was an English shipbuilder, naval administrator and commander, Elizabethan "Sea Dog", merchant, navigator, and slave trader.
Admiral Sir John Hawkins Wikipedia page.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins
Sea Dogs Wikipedia page.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dogs
Books written about John Hawkins:
A Sea-Dog of Devon: A Life of Sir John Hawkins
http://books.google.com/books?id=BGgOAAAAYAAJ
Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth's Slave Trader
http://books.google.com/books?id=6znuPnNKD3IC
He made mathematics and navigation his study, and soon began to acquire knowledge and to make good uses of his skill and learning. He was the patriarch of the great Sea Dogs of Elizabeth's reign (1533-1603), Frobisher, Drake, Gilbert, Candish, Raleigh, and others who later made voyages of discovery, but were boys when John was a man of mark.
As treasurer (1577) and controller (1589) of the Royal Navy, he rebuilt older ships and helped design the faster ships that withstood the Spanish Armada in 1588. He later devised the naval blockade to intercept Spanish treasure ships. One of the foremost seamen of 16th-century England, he was the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy. In the battle in which the Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588, Hawkins served as a vice admiral and was knighted for his role.
William, John's father, was a confidant of Henry VIII of England and one of the principal sea captains of England.
Although he wasn't the first man to trade slaves from Africa, John Hawkins of Plymouth is widely acknowledged to be the pioneer of the English slave trade, because he was the first to run the Triangular trade, making a profit at every stop.
John was the second cousin of Sir Francis Drake. Francis was raised within the Hawkins family and was an apprentice to John.
About 1559, Sir John married Katherine Gonson, the daughter of Benjamin Gonson, Treasurer of the Navy, who was the son of William Gonson, Treasurer of the Navy before him. In 1573, Benjamin Gonson resigned in favor of his son-in-law, Sir John Hawkins who held the office of treasurer until his death in 1595, a period of 22 years.
First voyage (1562-1563)
John Hawkins formed a syndicate of wealthy merchants to invest in the slave trade. In 1562, he set sail with three ships for the Caribbean via Sierra Leone. They hijacked a Portuguese slave ship and traded the 301 slaves in the Caribbean. Despite having two ships seized by the Spanish authorities, he sold the slaves in Santo Domingo and thus made a profit for his London investors. His voyage caused the Spanish to ban all English ships from trading in their West Indies colonies. In 1563, John Hawkins brought the first slaves from Africa to both the Caribbean Isles and Lower Americas.
Second voyage (1564-1565)
The second voyage was even more successful. In 1564, Queen Elizabeth I partnered with him by renting him the huge old 700-ton ship Jesus of Lubeck , and he set forth on his second longer and more extensive voyage along with three small ships. Hawkins sailed to Borburata, in what is now Venezuela, privateering along the way. By the time he reached Borburata, he had captured around 400 Africans. After Borburata, Hawkins sailed to Rio de la Hacha (Riohacha, Colombia). The Spanish officials tried to prevent Hawkins from selling the slaves by imposing taxes. Captain Hawkins refused the taxes and threatened to burn the towns. After selling his slaves, Captain Hawkins sailed to a French colony in Florida for a respite. Captain Hawkins returned to England in September 1566, his expedition a total success as his financiers made a 60% profit.
Third voyage (1567-1569)
His third voyage began in 1567. Hawkins obtained many more slaves, and also augmented his cargo by capturing the Portuguese slave ship Madre de Deus (Mother of God) and its human cargo. He took about 400 slaves across the Atlantic on the third trip. In 1569, at San Juan de Ulúa (Veracruz, Mexico) he was chanced upon by a strong Spanish force that was bringing the new viceroy to the colony there. The Spanish Navy succeeded in trapping the English fleet of Sir John Hawkins, including the young Francis Drake. The English barely succeeded in making their escape, a humiliating experience which affected Drake's later career.
Hawkins and Drake escaped in "Minion" and "Judith", while their larger ships were taken or destroyed. The attack and subsequent hardships were instrumental in hardening the attitude of Drake in particular towards Catholicism and Spain. He had earlier been forced to live in poverty after his farming family was displaced by a Catholic rebellion.
Hawkins would write about the details of his third voyage in "An Alliance to Raid for Slaves". Specifically he comments on how trading and raiding were closely related in the English slave trade and how European success in the slave trade directly depended on African allies who were willing to cooperate. He also comments on the level of violence he and his men used and encouraged in order to secure his captives.
1570-1587
As part of the government's web of counter-espionage, Hawkins pretended to be part of the Ridolfi plot to betray Queen Elizabeth in 1571. By gaining the confidence of Spain's ambassador to England, he learned the details of the conspiracy and notified the government so to arrest the plotters. He offered his services to the Spanish, in order to obtain the release of prisoners and to discover plans for the proposed Spanish invasion of England.
His help in foiling the plot was rewarded, and in 1571 Hawkins entered Parliament to become a Member of Parliament. He became Treasurer of the Royal Navy on 1 January 1578 following the death of his predecessor Benjamin Gonson (who was also his father-in-law, Hawkins having married Katherine Gonson in 1567). Hawkins' Navy financial reforms upset many who had vested interests, and in 1582 his rival Sir William Wynter accused him of administrative malfeasance, instigating a Royal Commission on Fraud against him. The Commission, under Burghley, Walsingham and Drake, concluded that there was no undue corruption, and that the Queen's Navy was in first-rate condition.
John Hawkins was determined that his navy, as well as having the best fleet of ships in the world, would also have the best quality of seamen, and so petitioned and won a pay increase for sailors, arguing that a smaller number of well-motivated and better-paid men would achieve substantially more than a larger group of uninterested men.
Hawkins made important improvements in ship construction and rigging; he is less well known for his inventiveness as a shipwright, but it was his idea to add to the caulker's work by the finishing touch of sheathing the underside of his ships with a skin of nailed elm planks sealed with a combination of pitch and hair smeared over the bottom timbers, as a protection against the worms which would attack a ship in tropical seas. Hawkins also introduced detachable topmasts that could be hoisted and used in good weather and stowed in heavy seas. Masts were stepped further forward, and sails were cut flatter. His ships were "race-built", being longer and with forecastle and aftcastle (or poop) greatly reduced in size.
The Spanish Armada
Hawkins' innovative measures made the new English ships fast and highly maneuverable. In 1588 they were tested against the Spanish Armada. Hawkins was the Rear Admiral, one of three main commanders of the English fleet against the Armada, alongside Francis Drake and Martin Frobisher. Hawkins' flagship was Victory. It is possible that Hawkins organized the fire-ship attacks at Calais. For his role in the great sea battle, Hawkins was knighted.
After the defeat of the Armada, Hawkins urged the seizure of Philip II's colonial treasure, in order to stop Spain from rearming. In 1589, Hawkins sailed with former apprentice Francis Drake in a massive military operation (the Drake-Norris Expedition) with one of its goals being to try to intercept the Spanish treasure fleet. The voyage failed, but the idea led many other English pirates to make similar attempts.
In 1590 Drake and Hawkins founded a charity for the relief of sick and elderly mariners. This was followed by a hospital in 1592 and another in 1594, the Sir John Hawkins' Hospital. The charity continues today.
Potatoes, tobacco and sharks
Potatoes were first imported to England (probably Ireland) in either 1563 or 1565 by Hawkins.
Some scholars suggest it was John Hawkins who introduced tobacco into England. Some accounts say this was in 1569, others in 1564. The latter is more likely, since he mentions "Ltobaccoj" (meaning tobacco) in his journals of the second voyage.
The Oxford English Dictionary notes that the word shark appears to have been introduced by Hawkins' sailors, who brought one back and exhibited it in London in 1569. It has recently been suggested that the derivation is from xoc, the word for "fish" in a Mayan language spoken in Yucatan.
Later Years
After the death of his wife Katherine Elizabeth in 1591, John married Margaret Vaughn, daughter of Charles & Elizabeth Baskerville Vaughn, of Hergest, at Eardisley Castle, Hereford County. The book "The Hound of the Baskervilles" was inspired by many of the locations around Eardisley Castle and members of the Baskerville and Vaughn families. John and Margaret did not have any children.
In 1595 he accompanied his second cousin Sir Francis Drake, on a treasure-hunting voyage to the West Indies, involving two unsuccessful attacks on San Juan, Puerto Rico. During the voyage they both fell sick. Hawkins died and was buried at sea off Puerto Rico on November 12th 1595. Drake succumbed to disease, most likely dysentery, on January 27th, and was buried at sea somewhere off the coast of Porto Belo, Panama. In accordance with his will, a monument was erected to his memory in the church of St. Dunstan's in the East in London, in which parish he had resided for 30 years.
Note on Wife: Margaret VAUGHN (1)
Will of Dame Margaret Hawkins. 23 APRIL 1619 I Dame Margaret Hawkins of London, widow. My body to be buried in the middle Chancel of St Dunstans in the East in London near the monument there erected for my late beloved husband Sir John Hawkins Knt.
Niece Maud Leonard, Lady St John, Mary Wilkinson. James Vaughan eldest son of nephew John Vaughan of Hergest (godson). Ann Vaughan wife of John Vaughan, godson Baynham Vaughan, niece Ann Scandrett, niece Margaret Stephens, six sons of sister Sibell, nephew Francis Eades, nephew Thomas Trevor, Esq.
23 APRIL 1619 I Dame Margaret Hawkins of London, widow. My body to be buried in the middle Chancel of St Dunstans in the East in London near the monument there erected for my late beloved husband Sir John Hawkins Knt. Funeral Charges not to exceed £700. My meaning is not to have any mourning given to any of my kindred or friends unto whom by this my last will there is any legacy bequeathed save only to my brothers, sisters Executors & such as shall be my household servants at the time of my decease.
I bequeath the sum of £800 for the purchasing of Lands or Tenements of the yearly value of £40 towards the maintenance of a learned preaching divine to keep a free school in Keinton in Herefordshire & of a learned & discreet Usher under him for the instructing of youths & children in literature & good education, & the said Schoolmaster shall upon every Wednesday morning or some other convenient day in the week preach a Sermon in Keinton parish Church for the instruction of the parishioners. The lands aforesaid not to be purchased for 4 years, & in the meantime any profit arising therefrom to be used for the building of a convenient free School near Keinton Church. £30 out of the said £40 to be paid to the Schoolmaster and £10 to the Usher After the death of my Executors the nomination of the said Schoolmaster & Usher to be by 5 several voices or the more part of them viz. The Owner of Hergest Court in Keinton, 2 voices; The Owner of the Manor of West Hergest als Overhergest in Keinton, 1 voice; The Bishop of the diocese wherein Keinton is, 1 voice; and the Lord or Owner of Earsley in Co. Hereford for the time being, 1 voice
To the poor of the parish of Keinton where 1 was born £50.
To the poor of Amelly in Co. Hereford where 1 was nursed. £10.
To the poor of the parish of Debtford where I have dwelt £10'
To the poor of the parish of Woodford in Essex where I have lived £10.
To the poor of the parish of St Dunstans in the East in London where I do dwell & have lived for a long time £50.
To the poor of the parish of Chigwell in Essex where 1 also dwell £20.
1 give my dwelling house in Mincing Lane London to my brother Charles Vaughan for life, after his decease to his daughters Margaret & Elizabeth & to their heirs for ever. All the writings of the said house to be delivered by my Executors to my said brother & his daughters.
1 devise all my other 6 messuages situate in Mincing Lane; my lease of the Cranemead & Broomfield in Deptford or elsewhere in Kent & Surrey, and my lease or term of the messuages, tenements & stables on or near the Tower Hill Co. Middx unto my Executors to be by them sold for the performance of this my will.
If my nephew Stephen Price of Gray's Inn Esq. shall pay to my Exec. within 6 months after my decease the sum of £600 towards the performan of my will that then the said Stephen his heirs & assigns shall have my house called the Dolphin in Tower Street & the Rectory & parsonage of North Shobery in Essex, if he do not pay the said sum, then the premises to go to my Executors to be sold towards the performance of my will, they to pay to my said nephew £300.
To Mary Davies widow a yearly rent charge of £10 issuing out of my lands etc. in St Pancras & St Andrew's Holborn.
All my household stuff in both my houses (excepting my plate jewells apparel etc, cattle, fuel, coachs & furniture, implements of husbandry etc.) to be sold by my Executors to the uttermost worth by the help of my sister Elizabeth Pemberton my nephew John Vaughan of Hergest and my newphew Charles Price, & the money that shall be made thereof I give as follows:? To my said sister Eliz. Pemberton one 3rd part & to my two nephews aforesaid one 3rd part each.
To my niece Maud Leonard my best pair of Spanish borders enamelled black and trimmed with pearl, the upper border containing nineteen pieces & the nether border containing twenty seven pieces
To my niece the Lady St John a pair of borders enamelled green, blue & red trimmed with pearle the upper border containing 23 pieces, the nether border 29 pieces.
To my niece Mary Wilkinson my diamond ring which my niece Trevor did upon her death bed give me.
To James Vaughan eldest son of my nephew John Vaughan of Hergest all my furniture of my red chamber at Luxborowe
To my honorable Lady the Countess of Leicester wife to the Earle of Leicester my pointed Diamond ring which the Countess of Warwick gave me.
To my honorable Lady Mary Wroth a " guilded boule " of the price of £20.
To my goddaughter Margaret Hawkins daughter of Sir Richard Hawkins Knt. one Carcanett enamilled black & blue containing 11 pieces with 66 pearls having a 'Tortis' pendant set with a blue sapphire
To my goddaughter Margaret Ireland 2 Carcanetts of gold, the one weighing "two ounces & half lacke pennie waight" containing 23 Pieces, set with pearls with a jewell pendant of 5 Diamonds, the other containing 11 buttons being "Massy Spanish worke" enamelled & set with pearls with a jewell pendant having in it 3 diamonds, 3 rubies and one very fair pearl.
To my loving friend Sr William Killigrewe Knt. a guilded bowl of the price of £20, and to the Lady Killigrew his wife my Persian carpet.
Legacies to friends.
Legacies in money:?To my niece Anne Vaughan wife of John Vaughan ,£100. To my godson James Vaughan eldest son of above £400
[Mention made of late brother Walter Vaughan.]
To my nephew Thomas Vaughan £100, to my nephew Richard Wood £10. To my niece Ann Wood £100, to my goddaughter Margaret Wood, £100, to my godson Baynham Vaughan £200, to my brother Ric. Llellin £10, to my sister Sibell Llellin £100, to my niece Maud Leonard £200, to my niece Ann Scandrett £100; to my niece Margaret Stephens £100. To every of the 6 sons of my sister Sibell £100; to my nephew Francis Eades £10, to my goddaughter Margaret Edes £100; to my sister Ellinor Price £100, and legacies to her children (specially named)
[A long list of legacies to cousins, friends, servants, etc.]
I constitute my worthy friends Sr Michael Stanhope Knt (to whom I leave £100), my kinsman.Sir John Vaughan Knt (£100), my nephew Thomas Trevor Esq. (£100) & my servant Anthony Lewes my executors.
Signed & sealed by me MARGARET HAWKINS in the presence of Barnard Hide, Robt. Bateman, Wm Bateman, Robt. Sunderland & Ric. Davis.
Proved in London on the 4th of Jan. 1620, by Anthony Lewes.
Note on Wife: Margaret VAUGHN (2)
http://www.allhallowsbythetower.org.uk/